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Environmental policy --- Pollution --- Costs. --- Finance. --- Germany (West)

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Multiple relationships exist between antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence, and the spread of clones combining multiple antibiotic resistance and a high virulence level is an increasing problem. It was previously described how mutation-driven or horizontally acquired resistance mechanisms can also have effects on virulence. It was also reported that mobile genetic elements often carry both resistance determinants and virulence-modulating genes, which favors the co-selection of both traits. In the present volume, we present a collection of articles which document additional aspects of the interactions between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in bacteria, and describe their potential therapeutic consequences.

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms --- Biofilms --- Virulence --- Fitness costs --- Co-Evolution

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Medical fees --- Medical care, Cost of --- Cost of medical care --- Health care costs --- Health care expenditures --- Medical care --- Medical costs --- Medical expenses --- Medical service, Cost of --- Medicine --- Medical economics --- Medical savings accounts --- Physicians --- Fees, Professional --- Costs --- Fees --- Salaries, etc.

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Presented here are scientific reports which add considerable information to the area of early stage ovarian cancer detection and the application of this detection to ovarian cancer screening. In this volume, the following presentations are made: 1) The performance of different ultrasound-based International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) strategies is analyzed to discriminate between early stage ovarian malignancy and benign abnormalities of the ovary. 2) Since oophorectomy confers protection against ovarian cancer, when adjustment for oophorectomy was made, rates of ovarian cancer were substantially higher. 3) The frequency of symptoms relevant to ovarian cancer was found to be more than two-hundred times higher than the occurrence of ovarian cancer and it was found that 80.1% of women expressed confidence in the symptoms they reported. 4) Complications resulting from surgery performed in the Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Program were infrequent and significantly fewer than reported in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening trial. Complications observed were mostly minor (93%) and were more common in cancer versus non-cancer surgery. 5) Arguments in favor of serial ultrasonography as an alternative to immediate surgery are presented and illustrate the benefits of surveillance. 6) Ten critical considerations for ovarian cancer screening are presented in depth, highlighting their important bearing on ovarian screening outcomes and their interpretations. 7) Considerations that have psychological and behavioral impacts on individuals participating in ovarian screening suggest that a “normal” screening test result can have psychological benefits, including an increased positive effect and beliefs in the efficacy of screening. 8) The efficacy of ovarian cancer screening may be higher in Asia than in Europe and the USA. Additionally, the re-analysis of PLCO screening data, when cancers presenting more than one year after screening are excluded, shows a significant survival benefit in the PLCO screening trial. 9) The effect that ovarian cancer has on patients and their families is examined from the perspective of a first-year resident in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 10) The 50-year history of biomarkers and ultrasound in the context of ovarian cancer indicates the importance of serial application of both biomarkers and ultrasound. Taken together, this volume provides both original data and overviews of ovarian cancer screening studies that enhance the present interpretation of this type of screening.

treatment --- collateral affectors --- costs --- screening --- endpoints --- trail design --- ovarian cancer --- efficacy

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La presente obra recoge años de trabajo en el aula en torno a la enseñanza de la economía como ciencia y su aplicación en el ámbito de las organizaciones y diversos sectores económicos del país. Este libro de texto tiene como propósito aportar a la construcción de conocimiento por parte de estudiantes y profesores de diversas áreas del saber, especialmente aquellos cuya formación de base no es la economía. A través de siete unidades temáticas, se presentan de manera sencilla y didáctica algunos conceptos básicos de las ciencias económicas que permitirán su fácil aplicación e interpretación en el desarrollo de actividades académicas, laborales y empresariales.

Teachers' classroom resources & material --- Educational: Business studies & economics --- Macroeconomics --- Universities --- Economy --- macroeconomy --- economics fundamentals --- Capitalism. --- Costs, Industrial. --- Economics. --- Microeconomics. --- Supply and demand. --- Costos de producción. --- Economía de mercado. --- Economía. --- Microeconomía. --- Oferta y demanda. --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Price theory --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Costs of production --- Industrial costs --- Industries --- Production costs --- Cost --- Market economy --- Profit --- Capital --- Costs